Any symbol manipulation is in need of some way of deriving what those symbols mean.
2.
A verbal or a physical understanding of the phenomena described by equations contributes meaning beyond symbol manipulation.
3.
Many AI researchers have come to agree that human reasoning does not consist primarily of high-level symbol manipulation.
4.
Traditional cognitive theory is based mainly around symbol manipulation, in which certain inputs are fed into a processing unit that produces an output.
5.
But the debate rests on whether this symbol manipulation forms the foundation of cognition in general, so this is not a potential vindication of computationalism.
6.
But computation can be reduced to formal symbol manipulation : symbols are manipulated according to rules that are based on the symbols'shapes, not their meanings.
7.
Dreyfus argued that human intelligence and expertise depend primarily on unconscious instincts rather than conscious formal symbols to represent reality and tried to reduce intelligence to symbol manipulation.
8.
There is thus no reductive explanation of the mental in terms of the computational; we cannot regard consciousness as nothing but a volley of physically implemented symbol manipulations.
9.
In spite of the impression the term " computational intelligence " may indicate, researchers of computational intelligence doubt that high-level symbol manipulation alone could account for all intelligent behaviors.
10.
This encoding is performed by way of symbol manipulation, which, in psychology, has led to critical statements of the sort of " SIT assumes that the brain performs symbol manipulation ".
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